Showing posts with label Genesis創世紀. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Genesis創世紀. Show all posts

Tuesday, 2 September 2014

以色列的十二支派 (The 12 Israel Tribes)


對於『以色列』這個名字,聖經清楚在創世紀第三十二章第二十九節,記載了雅各伯 (Jacob) 與代表天主的神秘人搏鬥後,得到祝福,『那人說:「你的名字以後不再叫雅各伯,應叫以色列,因為你與神與人搏鬥,佔了優勢。」』

在第三十五章第十節,天主在貝特耳顯現給他,再重申,『「你原叫雅各伯,但以後不再叫作雅各伯,卻要叫作以色列。」』 並許諾多過一個民族要由他而生,又將賜給了亞巴郎 (Abraham) 和依撒格 (Issac) 的土地賜給他和他未來的後裔。

此後,雅各伯有了十二個兒子,並經過多番轉折,各人的性情能力逐漸呈現,形成為以色列的十二個支派的特色。這十二支派是由雅各伯的十二個兒子,減去肋未及約瑟,換上約瑟的兩個兒子默納協及厄弗辣因所組成。十二個支派的發展和去向,也在雅各伯臨終祝福內預示了。以下嘗試列出來,有部分還未讀到清楚的解釋,暫先列出雅各伯的用詞在『』內。

以色列十二支派的分佈 Distribution of the 12 Tribes of Israel (http://www.biblestudy.org/maps/division-of-promised-land-to-twelve-tribes-israel.html)
勒烏本 (Reuben): 本是長子,但由於過於暴燥及激烈,又侵犯父親的妾,因此被除去長子的名分。

西默盎 (Simeon)肋未 (Levi) 兩兄弟:由於曾在盛怒下殘殺了人,因此受懲罰,被分散在以色列各支派中。圖示西默盎歸在猶大之內。而肋未一支則在曠野中表示了堅決的信仰,在各派中專職為司祭,例如撒慕爾。肋未沒有分到土地,又由於司祭不必服兵役,不參與各國戰爭,因此一般不算一支派。

猶大 (Juda):本是三子,現獲得長子的名分,也得到雅各伯最多的祝福,包括『權杖不離猶大,柄杖不離他腳間,直到那應得權杖者來到,萬民都要歸順他。』。此後的大衛王、撒羅滿王及默西亞耶穌都是猶大這一支。

則步隆 (Zebulun):『將居於海濱,成為船隻停泊的口岸,與漆冬毗連。』

依撒加爾 (Issachar):『是匹壯驢,臥在圈中;他覺得安居美好,地方優雅;便屈肩負重,成為服役的奴隸。』

丹 (Dan): 『將如以色列的一個支派,衛護自己的人民。丹必似路邊的長蟲,道旁的毒蛇,咬傷馬蹄,使騎士向後跌下。』

加得 (Gad):『 要受襲擊者襲擊,但他要襲擊他們的後隊。』

阿協爾 (Asher):『食物肥美,將供給君王的佳肴。』

納斐塔里 (Naphtali):『是隻被釋放的母鹿,發出悅 耳的歌詠。』

本雅明 (Benjamin):則是好鬥的民族,『是隻掠奪的豺狼:早上吞食獵物,晚上分贓。』第一位以色列王撒烏耳便是從本雅明而來。

對十二支派中的默納協 (Manasseh)厄弗辣因 (Ephraim) 的祝福,則是在有關若瑟 (Joseph) 的一段, 『是一株茂盛的果樹, 一株泉旁茂盛的果樹; 枝條蔓延牆頭。... 他的弓仍舊有力,他的手臂依然靈活』。默納協及厄弗辣因是若瑟的兒子,受到雅各伯特別的祝福,如同自己的親兒,因而在若瑟名下,可算是得到兩份的祝福。有說因若瑟後來回到埃及終老,所以沒有以他的名字作為一個支派。

當時十二支派的分佈,則在網上一個名為 "Bible Study" 到網站找到以上一幅地圖,可作參考。也可以看到以色列周邊的一些民族,包括在地中海岸旁的培肋舍特人 (Philistines).

Sunday, 31 August 2014

Who are the Philistines 誰是培肋舍特人?

Philistines have appeared in many parts of the books of the Samuel and the Kings.  They are described as the biggest enemies of Israel.

However, there does not seem to be a country or group of people with this name in the modern world.  So who are they?

The word "Philistines" first appears in the Holy Bible in Genesis Chapter 10 when the descendants of Noah's sons are listed in detail.

Noah (諾厄) has three sons: Shem (閃), Ham (含), and Japheth (耶斐特).  It has been detailed in chapter 9 that Canaan (客納罕), the son of Ham, is cursed by Noah because Ham sees his father's naked body whereas Shem is praised as he gives his father a coat and walks backwards to avoid seeing his father's naked body.

After they survive the flood, they have children and each occupies one part in central Asia.  The distribution and descendants are described in detail in chapter 10.

Ham has four sons: Cush (雇士), Mizraim (米茲), Put (普特) and Canaan.  It says in verse 13 to 14: "Mizraim became the father of the Ludim, the Anamim, the Lehabim, the Naphtuhim, the Pathrusim, the Casluhim, and the Caphtorim (加非托爾人) from whom the Philistines (培肋舍特人) came."

And in verse 19, it states: "so that the Canaanite borders extended from Sidon (漆冬) all the way to Gerar (革辣爾), near Gaza (迦薩), and all the way to Sodom (索多瑪), Gomorrah (哈摩辣), Admah (阿德瑪) and Zeboiim (責波殷), near Lasha (肋沙)."

In gist, the Philistines seem to be arising from the descendants of Ham, son of Noah.  They occupy areas west and south to where the Israelites are located, including Canaan near Gaza.  This is in contrast with those derived from the blessed Shem.  From Shem there comes descendants Abram, who later gives Issac, and then Jacob, and the subsequent 12 tribes of Israel.

The map below from the Cork Bible Insitute nicely shows the distribution of the territories of the three sons of Noah based on the description in Genesis Chapter 10.

Distribution of the descendants of Ham, Shem and Japheth (http://www.biblebc.com/bbi/Courses/Genesis/Genesis_2003/chapter10.htm)






Photo credit:
Cork Bible Institute, Ireland.  The Book of Genesis Chapter 10.
(http://www.biblebc.com/bbi/Courses/Genesis/Genesis_2003/chapter10.htm)