在亞歷山大大帝(Alexander the Great)死後,由於缺乏一名能力與他相近的領導者,亞歷山大的江山被幾位將軍瓜分,其中埃及的總督仆托肋米(Ptolemy)在埃及自封為王,轄地本來包括耶路撒冷,然而,在小亞細亞敘利亞一帶稱王的安提約古第四厄丕法乃(Antiochus IV Epiphanes) 強勢,大勝埃及的仆托肋米王,又佔領了耶路撒冷。安提約古第四厄丕法乃從埃及回國時,不顧一切進入聖殿大肆破壞, 搬走貴重物品(瑪加伯上1:10-28),同時,又派來名為阿頗羅尼(Apollonius)的總管來殺害以色列人,廢除一切猶太人的宗教奠祭傳統等(瑪加伯上1:29-64),在這個背景下,便出現了司祭瑪塔提雅一家反抗丕法乃的事。
瑪塔提雅(Mattathias)是出自約雅黎布家(Joarib)的司祭。他有五個兒子:若望,又名加狄(John, or called Gaddi),息孟,又名塔息(Simon, or called Thassi),猶大,又名瑪加伯(Judas, or called Maccabeus),厄肋阿匝爾,又名奧郎(Eleazar, or called Avaran),及約納堂,又名阿弗斯(Jonathan, or called Apphus)。當時瑪塔提雅已從耶路撒冷遷往摩丁(Modein),他首先感到必須起來保護聖殿。一天,他看見一名猶太人背棄自己的主,向希臘的神拜祭,他便馬上把那人殺死,又把迫令人民獻祭的王吏殺了,並拆毀祭壇,隨後,他與兒子們,號令支持者避走曠野。在曠野裡,他們與哈息待黨派的人(Hasideans)會合,組成軍隊,奮勇對抗前來追殺他們的人。瑪塔提雅因此受到以色列人的尊重,在他死後,全以色列為他誌哀。(瑪加伯上2章)
瑪塔提雅死後,兒子猶大瑪加伯帶領眾人,在猶太各城為以色列作戰,殺死了總管阿頗羅尼(Apollonius)及敘利亞(Syria)軍長色龍(Seron),令安提約古王也大大震驚,藉徵收捐稅為名,避到波斯各地,另託王族出身的貴人里息雅(Lysias)代理國政。里息雅派了哥爾基雅(Gorgias)出兵,在厄瑪烏(Emmaus)一戰,敗給猶大,最後里息雅親自帶兵在依杜默雅(Idumea)貝特族爾(Beth-zur)與猶大交鋒,敗走安提約基雅(Antioch)。這時,猶大終於帶領以色列人上熙雍山(Mount Zion)修整聖殿,在公元前167年,在新建的全燔祭壇上獻祭。(瑪加伯上3至4章)
韓徳爾之神劇猶大瑪加伯 http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/en/cat/4476922 |
十七至十八世紀音樂家韓徳爾(Handel)便跟據瑪塔提雅及猶大瑪加伯的事績,著作了一齣三幕的神劇(Oratorio),名為猶大瑪加伯(Judas Maccabaeus (HWV 63))。其中兩首曲目為"Rejoice O Judah" 及"Hallelujah Amen" 可參考Youtube 之
Rejoice O Judah & Hallelujah, Amen from Judas Maccabaeus (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXX_SChmsis)
猶大瑪加伯不但如他父親所說的自幼奮勇,他並能理智用兵,向天主謙卑,亦善於激勵士兵同袍,不愧他受到多方的敬配。讓我們再讀一次在這兩章內,猶大瑪加伯幾段振奮人心的說話。首先,在與敘利亞軍長色龍交戰前,他鼓勵眾人:
『多數人困在少數人手裏,是容易的事;用多數或用少數人施救為上天沒有區別。因為戰爭的勝利,不在乎軍隊的多寡,而在乎由天而來力量。他們來攻打我們,蠻橫傲慢,無法無天,原為剷除我們和我們的妻子兒女,前來洗劫搶掠。但是,我們是為保護性命和法律而戰;因此,天主必會親自在我們面前粉碎他們;所以千萬不要害怕!』
"Many are easily hemmed in by a few; in the sight of Heaven there is no difference between deliverance by many or by few; for victory in war does not depend upon the size of the army, but on strength that comes from Heaven. With great presumption and lawlessness they come against us to destroy us and our wives and children and to despoil us; but we are fighting for our lives and our laws. He will crush them before us; so do not fear them."
在面對哥爾基雅的厄瑪烏之戰,猶大瑪加伯對同人說:
『你們不必害怕他們人數眾多,也不要畏懼他們的攻擊。你們要回憶,當我們的祖先被法郎的軍隊追趕的時候,他們怎樣在紅海裏獲救。現在我們要呼籲上天,希望他憐憫我們,記憶他與我們祖先立的盟約,今天在我們前粉碎這支軍隊,使萬民知道,有一位解救以色列的。』
"Do not fear their numbers or dread their attack. Remember how our ancestors were saved in the Red Sea, when Pharaoh pursued them with an army. So now let us cry to Heaven in the hope that he will favor us, remember the covenant with our ancestors, and destroy this army before us today. All the Gentiles shall know that there is One who redeems and delivers Israel."
猶大瑪加伯在與里息雅交鋒之前,得悉敵軍實在強大,便作了以下的祈禱:
『以色列的救主,你是可讚美的!從前你藉著你僕人達味的手,粉碎了巨人強力的襲擊,你曾把外方人的軍營,交在撒烏耳之子約納堂,和他執戟者的手中;
請你將這支軍隊,困在你百姓以色列的手中罷!使他們的兵馬都蒙受羞辱。
請你使他們恐怖,消散他們逞強的勇氣,使他們因潰敗而顫慄。
請你使他們喪身在愛你之人的刀下,使那些認識你名的人,用詩歌來讚頌你。』
“Blessed are you, Savior of Israel, who crushed the attack of the mighty one by the hand of your servant David and delivered the foreign camp into the hand of Jonathan, the son of Saul, and his armor-bearer.
Give this army into the hands of your people Israel; make them ashamed of their troops and their cavalry.
Strike them with cowardice, weaken the boldness of their strength, and let them tremble at their own destruction.
Strike them down by the sword of those who love you, that all who know your name may sing your praise.”
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