Pronouns in Koine Greek （聖經希臘文中的代名詞）

There are three main groups of pronouns - personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns (this/that), relative pronouns, and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns.

1.1 Personal and the respective reflexive/reciprocal pronouns: (first and second person)

Personal Pronoun
	First person pronoun (I/me/we/us)			Second person pronoun (you)
	Sing	Sing(emphatic form)	Plu	Sing	Sing(emphatic form)	Plu
Nominative	ἐγώ		ἡμεῖς	σύ		ὑμεῖς
Genitive	μου	ἐμοῦ	ἡμῶν	σου	σοῦ	ὑμῶν
Dative	μοι	ἐμοί	ἡμῖν	σοι	σοί	ὑμῖν
Accusative	με	ἐμέ	ἡμᾶς	σε	σέ	ὑμᾶς
Reflexive/Reciprocal Pronoun (myself/yourself)
	mas	fem	plural see table 1.2	mas	fem	plural see table 1.2
Genitive	ἐμαυτοῦ	ἐμαυτῆς		σεαυτοῦ	σεαυτῆς
Dative	ἐμαυῷ	ἐμαυτῇ		σεαυτῷ	σεαυτῇ
Accusative	ἐμαυτόν	ἐμαυτήν		σεαυτόν	σεαυτήν

There are several remarks in relation to first and second person personal pronouns: 

• many personal pronouns are enclitics (meaning no accent of their own yet are usually pronounced closely with the preceding word)
• however, these pronoun enclitics may be accented for emphasis or when it is the first word of a sentence;
• the first person singular form may be made emphatic by adding an epsilon in the beginning and adding an accent as shown above
• when there is καί + ἐγώ there will be καγώ, meaning “and I”
• the nominative form of personal pronoun may sometimes mean oneself and used as a reflexive pronoun

1.2 Personal pronouns αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό (third person)

	Singular			Plural
	mas	neu	fem	mas	neu	fem
Nominative	αὐτός	αὐτό	αὐτή	αὐτοἰ	αὐτά	αὐταί
Genitive	αὐτού		αὐτής	αὐτῶν
Dative	αὐτῷ		αὐτῇ	αὐτοῖς		αὐταίς
Accusative	αὐτόν	αὐτό	αὐτήν	αὐτοῦς	αὐτά	αὐτάς
Reflexive/reciprocal pronouns
	mas	neu	fem	mas	neu	fem
Genitive	ἑαυτοῦ		ἑαυτῆς	ἑαυτῶν
Dative	ἑαυτῷ		ἑαυτῇ	ἑαυτοῖς		ἑαυταῖς
Accusative	ἑαυτόυ	ἑαυτό	ἑαυτήν	ἑαυτούς	ἑαυτά	ἑαυτάς

For the third person personal and reflexive pronouns, 

• the nominative third person singular may be used to mean oneself and used as a reflexive pronoun
• they may also be used as an adjective when used in the attributive position and will mean “same”

2.1 Demonstrative pronoun - ἐκεῖνος that/those

	Singular			Plural
	mas	neu	fem	mas	neu	fem
Nominative	ἐκεῖνος	ἐκεῖνο	ἐκεῖνη	ἐκεῖνοι	ἐκεῖνα	ἐκεῖναι
Genitive	ἐκείνου		ἐκείνης	ἐκείνων
Dative	ἐκείνῳ		ἐκείνῃ	ἐκείνοις		ἐκείναις
Accusative	ἐκεῖνον	ἐκεῖνο	ἐκεῖνην	ἐκεῖνους	ἐκεῖνα	ἐκεῖνας

2.2 Demonstrative pronoun -οὗτος this/these: [οὗτος]

	Singular			Plural
	mas	neu	fem	mas	neu	fem
Nominative	οὗτος	τοῦτο	αὕτη	οὗτοι	ταῦτα	αὕται
Genitive	τούτου		ταύτης	τούτων
Dative	τούτῳ		ταύτῃ	τούτοις		ταύταις
Accusative	τοῦτον	τοῦτο	ταύτην	τοῦτους	ταῦτα	ταύτας

3. Relative Pronoun -  ὅς   (who/which)

	Singular			Plural
	mas	neu	fem	mas	neu	fem
Nominative	ὅς	ὅ	ἥ	ὅι	ἅ	αἵ
Genitive	οὕ		ἥς	ὥν
Dative	ᾥ		ᾕ	οἵς		αἵς
Accusative	ὅν	ὅ	ἥν	οὕς	ἅ	ἅς

Ref: Ted Hildebrandt.  Mastering New Testament Greek Textbook.  Chapters 8 and 11 on personal, demonstrative, relative, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns.  In: Mastering New Testament Greek Textbook.  Downloaded at http://biblicalelearning.org/introductory-languages/mastering-new-testament-greek/.

齊齊轉化的冠詞、介詞及形容詞 (Preposition and the declension of the article and adjectives)

要完全記得聖經希臘文名詞的三種轉化，都要點功夫，亦可以先了解一下須與名詞的數量、性別及轉化相配合的冠詞、介詞及形容詞。

首先是冠詞。希臘文的冠詞只有一個，可以用在各種名詞之前，也可用在人名等特定名稱。意思可以很多樣，看內文而定，包括英語的 the, a/an, personal pronoun, this/that (demonstrative pronoun), who/which (relative pronoun) 等。在句子中，如果認到冠詞的數量、性別或位格，就可幫助了解相關名稱的數量、性別及位格。

	Singular			Plural
	mas	fem	neu	mas	fem	neu
Nominative	ὁ	ἡ	τό	οἱ	αἱ	τά
Genitive	τοῦ	τῆς	τοῦ	τῶν
Dative	τῷ	τῇ	τῷ	τοῖς	ταῖς	τοῖς
Accusative	τόν	τήν	τό	τούς	τάς	τά

以上可以看到，男性及中性冠詞多用 o 音；而女性字則多用 α 或 η 音。眾數的 genitive case (屬格) 都是 ῶν 尾。

另外是介詞。由於名詞已分了五個 cases，介詞自然便須配合，因此，有些介詞只會用於某些 case 的名詞。

	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
	(separation)	(location)	(motion toward)
ἀπό	from
ἐκ	out of, from
ἐν		in
σύν		with
εἰς			into
πρός	for (only rarely used)	at, by, on, near  (only rarely used)	to, toward, with
διἀ	through, by		because of
κατά	down, against		according to, during
μετά	with		after
περί	for, concerning		around, about
ἐπί	on, over	on, at, against	on, to, toward
παρά	from, of, by, with	beside, with,  in presence of	alongside of, at, more than

形容詞可用於句子裡的不同位置，包括，名詞之前(attributive), 作為名詞 (substantive), 或是句子的predicate.  無論那個位置，都需配相關的名詞或代名詞的數量、性別及位格作相應轉化。轉化形式一般是2-1-2原則。

Specifically, masculine and neuter would use second declension while feminine will use first declension.  The latter will use the α-declension if the adjective ends in ε, ι, or ρ; and η-declension for the other adjectives.  An example for the former is σίκαιος (righteous) whereas that for the latter is  ἀγαθός (good).

最後，兩個常用的百搭字， verb-to-be 及 negation. 

verb-to-be 是 εἰμί，之後要跟nominative (predicate nominative); 所以只需記得相關pronoun 的轉化就可。

	Singular	Plural
first person	εἰμί	ἐσμέν
second person	εἶ	ἐοτέ
third person	ἐστί(ν)	εἰσί(ν)

Negation 則有三個形式，跟隨後那個字的第一個發音而定：

negator	the following word
οὐ	starts with a consonant
οὐκ	starts with a vowel with a smooth breathing mark
οὐχ	starts with a vowel with a rough breathing mark

Ref: 

Ted Hildebrandt.  Mastering New Testament Greek Textbook.  Chapters 5, 6, and 7 on the article, prepositions and adjectives.  In: Mastering New Testament Greek Textbook.  Downloaded at http://biblicalelearning.org/introductory-languages/mastering-new-testament-greek/.